Which layer is described as 'Standardizes data transmission formats (e.g., JPEG)'?

• A. 4 - Transport
• B. 3 - Network
• C. 7 - Application
• D. 6 - Presentation

Answer: (D)

Data representation and format translation are handled at the Presentation layer. This layer standardizes how data is encoded, compressed, and encrypted so that the receiving system can interpret it correctly, regardless of how the sending system stored or produced the data. JPEG is an example of a standardized encoding for images, and the Presentation layer ensures those bytes are understood as an image on the other end. The other layers aren’t responsible for this kind of data formatting: the Transport layer focuses on delivering data reliably, the Network layer handles addressing and routing, and the Application layer deals with user-facing protocols and services, not the actual data representation between systems.